Which electrolyte imbalance can cause confusion and agitation?

Hyponatremia, or low sodium levels in the blood, can lead to confusion and agitation due to its essential role in maintaining proper neurological function and osmotic balance. Sodium is critical for neuronal excitability and communication. When sodium levels drop, it can result in cellular swelling, particularly in the brain, which disrupts normal brain function and leads to symptoms such as confusion, agitation, headaches, and in severe cases, seizures or coma.

Given that the central nervous system is highly sensitive to changes in electrolyte levels, even a mild decrease in sodium can impact cognitive and behavioral states, illustrating the importance of maintaining sodium homeostasis for mental clarity and normal functioning.